The documentation process in fiber optic network

The documentation process

The documentation begins with basic network design. A sketch on the technical drawings of construction may work if it is small, but in the case of a LAN network at the campus, metropolitan area or long-distance level, you will probably need a complete CAD design. The best way to organize the data is to use a drawing of the facilities and add the locations of all the cables and connection points. Identify all cables and racks or panels in cabinets and then you will be ready to transfer this data to a base.

The fiber optic cables, particularly those of the backbone ( backbone ), may contain several fibers connecting several different links that may be directed to different locations. Therefore, the fiber optic cable network must document the location of the cables, the path of each fiber, the interconnections and the test results. You must record the specifications of each cable and fiber: the manufacturer, the type of cable and fiber, the number of fibers, the type of cable construction, the estimated length and the installation technique (buried, aerial, horizontal, vertical, etc. .)

It will be useful to know the types of panels and hardware in use, as well as the equipment to be connected. In case of installing a large network of cables with several dark fibers (unused), it is likely that some are left open or unfinished in the panels, which should also be documented. When designing a network, it is always good to have spare fibers and interconnection points on the panels for future expansion, re-routing for repair or to move the network equipment.

Fiber optic installer certification

Documenting is more than registering. All components must be identified with permanent color-coded labels inaccessible places. Once the scheme for labeling fibers has been determined, each cable, accessible fiber and termination point must be labeled for identification. It is preferable that the scheme be simple and, if possible, that explanations be provided on the connection panels or on the inside of the termination box lids.

What happens to industry data links

What happens to industry data links? Many factories use fiber optics because it is immune to electromagnetic interference. However, industry links can use exclusive transmission media to send converted data using old copper standards, such as RS-232, the old serial interface that used to be available on all computers; SCADA software (Supervision, Control, and Data Acquisition), popular in the public services industry; or even simple relay closures. Many companies that develop these control links offer fiber optic interfaces themselves to meet customer orders. Some of these links have been available for decades, given that industrial facilities were some of the first cases in which the optical fiber was used in the internal plant, before 1980.

Whatever the installation, it is important that the end-user and the wiring contractor talk with the transmission hardware manufacturer about exactly what the installation will be, to ensure that they acquire the appropriate equipment. While telecommunications and CATV facilities are well defined and Ethernet data facilities are regulated by standards, in our experience, not all manufacturers specify products exactly the same.
Fiber optic jobs near me
An industrial market company offered about fifteen different fiber optic products, mainly media converters for its control equipment. However, those fifteen products had been designed by at least a dozen different engineers, of which not all were familiar with fiber optics and, in particular, with fiber optic jargon and specifications. As a result, it was not possible to compare the products to make a decision, or to include them in the design of a network according to the specifications. Until the moment of its design, the sales and applications engineers received fiber optic training and created general guidelines for product applications; But they suffered constant problems when applying them according to the client's order.

The only way to make sure you choose the right transmission equipment is to take all the precautions so that the customer and the seller of the equipment, and you, communicate clearly what they plan to do.

"Ghosts" of OTDR

If you are testing short cables with highly reflective connectors, you may find ghosts. These are caused by the light reflected from the end of the connector that is reflected back and forth in the fiber until the noise level is attenuated. Ghosts arouse many confusions, since they appear to be real reflective events as connectors, but show no loss. The best way to determine if a reflection is real or a ghost is to compare it with the documentation of the cable network. You can eliminate ghosts by reducing reflections, for example,


OTDR limitations

The resolution of the limited distance of the OTDR makes its use very difficult in establishments or buildings where the cables usually have a length of a few hundred meters. Most OTDRs have many difficulties in solving characteristics in the typical short cables of an internal plant cable network, and it is likely to show "ghosts" of reflections in the connectors, and thus confuse the user of the OTDR. On very long cables, the OTDR will show a high noise farther from the instrument. If wider test pulses and more signal averages are used, the distance capacity of the OTDR will increase.

How to use OTDR correctly

There are certain precautions that will make the test easier to do and understand when using an OTDR. Always use a long launch cable, which allows the OTDR to stabilize after the initial pulse and provides a reference cable to test the first connector on the cable. If you want to test the end connector on the cable, a receive cable is needed at the end of the cable network.
Fiber optic jobs
The OTDR operator must configure the instrument carefully for each cable. Again, good documentation will help configure the test parameters. Always start with the OTDR set for the shortest pulse width for the best resolution and a range of at least 2 times the length of the cable you are testing. Perform an initial plot and see how you need to change the test parameters for best results. Some users are tempted to use the self-test function of the OTDR. Most problems are caused by newbies who use the self-test function, more than any other issue that may arise when using OTDRs. Never use the self-test function until an expert technician has configured the OTDR correctly and verified that it provides acceptable results.

Measurement in optical fiber refers to the optical power.

Optical power

Practically, each measurement in optical fiber refers to the optical power. The output of a transmitter or the input to a receiver are "absolute" optical power measurements, that is, the actual value of the power is measured. Loss is a measurement of "relative" power, the difference between the power coupled to a component such as a cable, splice or a connector and the power transmitted through it. This difference in the level of power before and after the component is what we call optical loss and defines the performance of a cable, connector, splice or another component.

Whenever the tests are performed on fiber-optic networks, the results are displayed on the instrument reading screen. Power measurements are expressed in "dB", which is the unit of measure of power and loss in fiber optic measurements. The optical loss is measured in "dB", while the optical power is measured in "dBm". The loss is a negative number (for example, -3.2 dB), as are many power measurements. Measurements in dB can sometimes be confusing.

In the early stages of the optical fiber, the source output power was generally measured in milliwatts, a linear scale, and the loss was measured in dB or decibels, a logarithmic scale. With the passage of time, all measures changed to dB for reasons of convenience, which caused a lot of confusion. Loss measurements were generally measured in dB, since dB is a ratio between two power levels, one of which is considered the reference value. The dB is a logarithmic scale, in which every 10 dB represents a ratio of 10 times the value. The actual equation used to calculate the dB is

dB = 10 log (measured power / reference power).

So, 10 dB is a ratio of 10 times the value (either 10 times or a tenth more), 20 dB is a ratio of 100, 30 dB is a ratio of 1000, etc. When the two optical powers compared are equal, then dB = 0, a convenient value that is easy to remember. If the measured power is higher than the reference power, the dB will be a positive number, but if it is lower than the reference power, it will be a negative number. Therefore, loss measurements are usually expressed as a negative number.

Measurements of optical power, such as the output of a transmitter or input to a receiver, are expressed in units of dBm. The "m" in dBm refers to a reference power of 1 milliwatt. Therefore, a source with a power level of 0 dBm has a power of 1 milliwatt. Also, -10 dBm represents 0.1 milliwatts and +10 dBm represents 10 milliwatts.

In order to measure the loss in a fiber optic system, we make two power measurements, a reference measurement before the light passes through the component we are testing and a loss measurement after the light passes through the component. Since we are measuring the loss, the measured power will be less than the reference power, so that the ratio between the measured power and the reference power is less than 1, and the logarithm is negative, which turns to dB in a negative number. When we set the reference value, the meter marks "0 dB" because the reference value we set and the value that the meter is measuring is the same. Then, when we measure the loss, the measured power is lower, so the meter will mark "- 3.0 dB", for example, if the power being evaluated is half the reference value. 

Although meters measure a negative number for the loss, there is a convention to express the loss as a positive number. Therefore, when the meter marks -3.0 dB, we say that the loss is 3.0 dB. if the power that is evaluated is half the reference value. Although meters measure a negative number for the loss, there is a convention to express the loss as a positive number. Therefore, when the meter marks -3.0 dB, we say that the loss is 3.0 dB. if the power that is evaluated is half the reference value. Although meters measure a negative number for the loss, there is a convention to express the loss as a positive number. Therefore, when the meter marks -3.0 dB, we say that the loss is 3.0 dB.

The instruments that measure in dB can be either optical power meters or optical loss testing equipment (OLTS). The optical power meter generally marks in dBm for power measurements or dB with respect to a reference value set by the user for the loss. While most power meters have ranged from +3 to -50 dBm, most sources are in the range of +10 to -10 dBm for lasers and -10 to -20 dBm for LEDs. Only lasers used in CATV or long-distance telephone systems have sufficient powers to be really dangerous, up to + 20 dBm,

It is important to remember that dB is used to measure loss and dBm is used to measure power, and the more negative the number, the greater the loss. Set the zero reference before measuring the loss and check it occasionally while taking measurements.

Calibration of power measurements

Calibration of fiber optic power measurement equipment requires that a traceable reference standard be set to a national standards laboratory such as the National Institute of Standards and Technology in the United States (NIST) for the purpose of comparison when calibrating each power meter or another instrument. The NIST standard for all power measurements is an electrically calibrated pyroelectric radiometer (ECPR), which measures the optical power by comparing the heat power of the light with the known heat power of a resistor. Calibration is performed at 850, 1300 and 1550 nm. Sometimes, Manufacturers use the laser wavelength at 1310 nm as the wavelength calibrated in a power meter, but the standard for power meter calibration is 1300 nm. To conveniently transfer laboratory standards to the calibration laboratories of fiber optic power meter manufacturers, NIST currently uses a laboratory optical power meter that is sent to laboratories as a transfer standard. But the standard for power meter calibration is 1300 nm. To conveniently transfer laboratory standards to the calibration laboratories of fiber optic power meter manufacturers, NIST currently uses a laboratory optical power meter that is sent to laboratories as a transfer standard. But the standard for power meter calibration is 1300 nm. To conveniently transfer laboratory standards to the calibration laboratories of fiber optic power meter manufacturers, NIST currently uses a laboratory optical power meter that is sent to laboratories as a transfer standard.

Fiber optic certification salary

Meters calibrated in this way have a calibration uncertainty of around +/- 5%, compared to the NIST primary standards. Limitations in uncertainty are the inconsistencies inherent in optical couplings, about 1% in each transfer, and slight variations in wavelength calibration. NIST is working continuously with instrument manufacturers and private calibration laboratories to try to reduce the uncertainty of these calibrations.

The recalibration of instruments must be performed annually; However, experience has shown that the accuracy of the meters rarely changes significantly during that period, as long as the meter's electronics do not fail. Calibration of fiber optic power meters requires a considerable investment in capital equipment, so the meters must be returned to the original manufacturer or private calibration laboratories to be calibrated.

Handling and protection of terminations

Although the connectors are designed to be strong enough to be handled and the coated cables are quite strong, the connectors need some protection. Since multifiber cables have many terminations through which fibers can be accessed for testing or changing configurations, interconnection points require termination manipulation, which includes identifying each connector/termination.

Connections can be made on different types of equipment, such as connection panel racks or termination boxes. Appropriate equipment must be chosen according to the installation. These will be seen in detail in the installation chapter. 

Splices
The splices create a permanent bond between two fibers, so their use is limited to those places where cables are not expected to be available for future maintenance. The most common application of the splice is for the concatenation (the union) of the cables in the long cable connections in external plants where the length of the laying requires more than one cable. The splice can be used to combine different types of cables, such as connecting a 48-fiber cable to six 8-fiber cables that go to different places. The splices are generally also used to place the terminations of single-mode fibers with connectorized cables ( pigtails ) in each fiber, and of course, the splices are used for the restoration of facilities in external plants.
Fiber splicing technician salary
There are two types of splices: fusion and mechanical. The fusion splice is the most commonly used as it provides the lowest losses and the lowest reflectance, as well as the strongest and most reliable union. Virtually all single-mode fiber splices are by fusion. The mechanical splice is used for temporary restorations and splices of multimode fibers. In the photo that follows, there is a fusion splice on the left and the rest are different types of mechanical splices.

Fiber optic connectors : Types of fiber optic connectors

Types of fiber optic connectors

Since fiber optic technology was introduced in the late 1970s, numerous types of connectors have been developed, probably more than 100 types. Each new design tried to offer better performance (less loss of light and reflectance) and simpler, faster and/or cheaper terminations. 

Of course, the market is the one that over time determines which are the effective connectors, 

although several attempts have been made to standardize the connectors. Some are unique to certain systems or networks, for example, the FDDI (fiber-distributed data interface), the first LAN local area network, and the ESCON, the interface to connect the main servers ( mainframe ) from IBM to peripherals, they needed special connectors. The TIA 568 standard originally determined that SC 

connectors were the standard ones, but then when users started using more ST connectors than SC and a new generation of smaller connectors was introduced, the TIA-568B standard was amended and established 

Any connector that was supported by FOCIS standards was accepted.

The four connectors are seen here show how fiber optic connectors have evolved. The one below is a Deutsch 1000 connector, the first commercially available fiber optic connector. It was actually a mechanical joint, which held the fibers inside with a small nut that adjusted them. The piece that forms the nose had a spring, which allowed to expose the fiber to cut and join it, with plastic lenses in a coupling adapter. The coupling adapter also had a fluid index equalizer to reduce losses, but this caused a problem with dirt. 

how much does a fiber optic technician make

The AT&T biconic connector was developed by Bell Labs laboratories in the mid-1970s. The conical the splint was molded from a plastic filled with glass. The first bionics had splints molded into the fiber until they developed a fragment of 125 microns (0.0127 cm) exactly in the center. When the bionics were adapted for single-mode fibers, the splints were joined with a special grinding machine so that they were in the center of the fiber.    

The SC connector, which was introduced in the mid-eighties, used a new invention, molded ceramic splint, which revolutionized the termination of the optical fiber.  Ceramics was an ideal material for splints.   They were made economically by molding, much cheaper than, for example, metal machining. It 

was extremely temperature stable, had similar expansion characteristics to glass, which prevented the 

"piston" when the splint took off, a problem that had metal or plastic splints.   Its hardness was similar to glass, which made it's polishing much easier. In addition, it easily adhered to the fibers using epoxy or anaerobic adhesives. Currently, almost all connectors use ceramic splints, usually 2.5 

mm in diameter (SC, ST, FC) or 1.25 mm in diameter (LC, MU connectors).  

High brittleness of the fibers.

High brittleness of the fibers.
We need to use more expensive transmitters and receivers.
Fiber splices are difficult to perform, especially in the field, which makes repairs difficult in case of cable breakage.
You can not transmit electricity to power intermediate repeaters.
The need to carry out, in many cases, electrical-optical conversion processes.
Conventional fiber optic cannot transmit high powers.
There are no optical memories.
Likewise, the cost of the fiber is only justified when its large bandwidth capacity and low attenuation are required. For low bandwidth, it can be a much more expensive solution than the copper conductor.

The optical fiber does not transmit electrical energy, this limits its application where the receiving terminal must be energized from an electrical line. Energy must be provided by separate conductors.

Hydrogen molecules can diffuse into silicon fibers and cause changes in attenuation. Water corrodes the glass surface and turns out to be the most important mechanism for fiber optic aging. Incipient international regulations on some aspects related to the parameters of the components, transmission quality, and tests.
Fiber optic salary
Applications
Its use is very varied: from digital communications, through sensors and reaching decorative uses, such as Christmas trees, candles and other similar elements. Single-mode fiber applications: submarine cables, intercity cables, etc.

Fiber optic cable protects

Cable: the cable protects the fibers from stress during installation and from environmental conditions when it is already installed. The cables can contain one to hundreds of fibers. There are three types of cables: tight-fitting structures with a thick plastic coating that protects each fiber, which is mainly used in an internal plant; those of loose structure ( loose tube ), which consist of a single primary buffer coating for the fibers that are inside plastic tubes; and ribbon type cables They are tape-shaped, which allows small cables to contain a large number of fibers.

 Jacket: cable outer sheath of resistant material. Cable jackets installed inside buildings must be made of special materials to comply with fire codes.

Reinforcement elements: aramid fibers (Kevlar is the commercial name of Dupont) used as reinforcement elements that allow cable tension. This term is also used to refer to the fiberglass rods present in some cables that are used to harden it and thus avoid deformations.

Shielding: prevents rodents from damaging the cable when chewing.

Termination and splicing

Connector: a provisional device for connecting two fibers by means of a temporary connection or connecting fibers to the equipment. Connectors should occasionally be disconnected for testing or rerouting.

Fusion: the permanent union between two fibers mainly used to concatenate (join) long fibers in external plant installations and place the connector fiber cables (pigtail) to terminate them.
Fiber optic certifications

Mechanical splicing: fusion in which the fibers are aligned mechanically.

Fusion splice: fusion created by welding or fusing two fibers.

Fiber optic fuser: An instrument that splices fibers when fused or welded, usually with an electric arc.

We explain what fiber optic is and how it works.

optical fiber is and how it works. In addition, what is it for, characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of optical fiber.

Certified fiber optic technician

The optical fiber is a physical means of transmission of information, usually in data networks and telecommunications, which consists of a thin filament of glass or plastic, through which pulses of laser or LED light travel, in which the data to be transmitted

Through the transmission of these light pulses, information can be sent and received at important speeds through a cable run, safe from electromagnetic interference and with speeds similar to those of the radio. This makes fiber optic the most advanced cable transmission medium that exists.

The implementation of optical fiber is heir to centuries of research and experimentation on light and its properties, since ancient times when the Greeks communicated through the reflection of sunlight in small mirrors, the optical experiments of the Scientific Revolution, until the invention of optical telegraphy in 1792 by Claude Chappe, and the subsequent work of French physicists Jean-Daniel Colladon and Jacques Babinet, and the Irishman John Tyndall, all at the end of the 19th century.

The optical fiber as such would not enjoy the interest of the engineers until 1950 and in 1970 the first piece would be manufactured, using impurities of titanium on silica, by the work of Robert Maurer, Donald Keck, Peter Schultz, and Frank Zimar. The first transmission of information through this medium was made on April 22, 1977 in Long Beach, California, and in the 1980s it was perfected and began to be implemented internationally.

Fiber optic converter with an almost unlimited number of cascading stages.

The company Niebur Optoelektronik (Germany, Hamburg) produced an optoelectronic converter for in-line fiber-optic lines, which allows a large number of cascade inclusions. The total length of the line can reach up to 30 km. The converter is designed to work in adverse industrial conditions. enterprises. The converter can provide joint (counter) work with converters of a similar purpose, respectively. RS 485 standard. Max. transfer rate - 1.5 Mbps. E-food can be carried out from any standard. power source. Converter m. mounted on the wall.

A method for controlling the wavelength and equipment of an optical communication system for transmitting with spectral multiplexing.

It is proposed in an optical communication system to use information with spectral multiplexing to use the control of the wavelength of the output light in an optical transmitter. The wavelength of light in the optical transmission path is determined by the sample, in order to find the space free from the transmission, so that the output radiation from its own transmitter does not cause interference with other transmitted radiation. Considered method control length wave.

fiber optic technician pay

Semiconductor laser emitting from the surface for optical communication systems in free space.

A technique is proposed for modeling semiconductor lasers emitting from a surface. A feature of lasers is the presence of two Bragg reflector arrays formed by photolithography. One of the gratings is used as the output device of the laser resonator, while others (ring-shaped) are used as one of the reflectors forming the resonator. In the manufacture of gratings, reactive etching using an ion beam is used.

Rotation of polarization in the bend of semiconductor waveguides. Equations of the theory of coupled modes .

Theor developed. model of a polarization rotator based on the bending of a semiconductor waveguide. In constructing the model, completely vector wave equations and the theory of coupled modes were used. Calculations based on this model are confirmed by previously published experimental data. It was found that the sensitivity of the device substantially depends on the geometry of the waveguide. Designed polarization rotator m. used in systems with spectral multiplexing.

The first domestic optical cable built into a ground wire
ZAO Samara Optical Cable Company has developed and received a certificate for optical cables embedded in the lightning protection cable of the power transmission line, OKGT-MT brand.

Optical communication cable.
In the center of the optical cable of a circular cross-section of the proposed structure, there passes a power element made of strong plastic, also of circular cross-section, reinforced with steel wires or threads of heavy-duty plastic. The outer diameter of the power element m. from 2 to 20 mm. Optim. value for most cases lies in the range. 5-10 mm. The power element serves to absorb the tensile forces of the cable, unloading, to a large extent, optical fibers from their effects. A trapezoidal cordel is wound on it with a given step. Between its turns with the same step, but with resp. a shift, optical fibers are wound. If necessary, the composition of the cable m. supplemented with 1 or 2 isolated metal. signal cores.
fiber optic installer certification
About marking optical communication cables

Designations of optical communication cables manufactured by domestic manufacturers are presented. The problems that arise during decoding of cable marking are considered.

Optical Cable Testing for Gigabit Ethernet

The loose - LX standard for transmitting light radiation with a wavelength of 850 and 1310 nm through single and multimode optical cables is considered. The characteristics of the standards for Gigabit Ethernet and the requirements for a field tester for certification of FOCL according to these standards are given.

Microprocessor and fiber optic installer

  Installer of microprocessor and fiber optic equipment of the 4th category

Description of work. Unpacking, de-preservation, and installation of regulatory microprocessor controllers, processors, remote terminals, modems. Laying of fiber optic cables in tunnels, polyethylene protective pipes, in boxes and on walls with fastening with false brackets. Laying a single-fiber cable terminated with optical connections. Marking of laid fiber optic cables.

Must know: the basic principles of transmitting a light signal through an optical fiber; rules for working with project documentation; rules for unpacking, re-preservation of microprocessor and fiber-optic equipment; device and rules for using piston mounting pistols and rotary hammers; types and design features of fiber optic cables; technology for laying fiber optic and electric cables; rules for using a winch and anti-tightening device; methods for marking fiber optic cables; the range of products and materials used in laying fiber optic cables.

  Installer of microprocessor and fiber optic equipment of the 5th category

Description of work. Installation and connection of microprocessor controllers in automated process control systems. Installation of the grounding system of microprocessor technology. Cutting fiber optic cables and preparing optical fibers for welding or measurement. Welding of multimode and single-mode optical fibers, protection of the welding spot. Installation of couplings and branching switching devices.

Must know: the rules for installing microprocessor technology and assembling elements of its systems; rules for connecting protective grounding systems, selection of power phases during the installation of microprocessor technology; the principle of operation of fiber-optic information transmission systems and microprocessor technology devices; main characteristics of single-mode and multimode optical fibers with step and gradient refractive index profiles; optical fiber bonding methods; principle of operation and rules for using devices used for welding optical fibers; design and installation technology of couplings and branching switching devices.

 Installer of microprocessor and fiber-optic equipment of the 6th category

Description of work. Connection and testing of information display devices included in microprocessor technology systems: video terminals, alphanumeric displays, etc. Carrying out incoming inspection of optical cables. Performing attenuation measurements of signals after laying fiber optic cables, during and after the installation of couplings and branching switching devices. Monitoring parameters of optical modules.

Must know: the principle of operation, the rules for connecting and testing microprocessor systems; purpose, principle of operation and rules for using the used optical control devices, reflectors, optical pulse generators; rules for conducting input control and pre-installation measurements of fiber optic cables; methods for measuring the attenuation of signals in individual fibers of optical cables, checking its integrity, determining the breakage points of optical fibers; rules for monitoring the parameters of optical modules.

Secondary vocational education is required.

Fiber optic jobs near me

   Installer of microprocessor and fiber optic equipment of the 7th category

Description of work. Installation of complex circuits of fiber-optic communication lines (FOCL), installation of transitions from metal conductors to optical. Installation of differential and integrated converters of optical signals. Measurement and regulation of the optical power of the fiber optic link using instrumentation. Carrying out a complex of measurements and control of FOCL parameters.

I must know the installation technology of complex fiber-optic circuits, differential and integrated converters of optical signals; main physical and technical properties of microprocessor technology, fiber optic products; purpose and principle of operation of the used instrumentation.

Secondary vocational education is required.

Fiber optic technology. Practical guide

Description of Fiber optic technology. Practical guide
A domestic fiber-optic component base designed for harsh operating conditions is considered. The main technical characteristics, as well as methods for measuring them, optical fibers, fiber optic cables, optical connectors, combiners, splitters, switches, passive and active fiber optic delay lines, discrete transmitting and receiving optoelectronic modules, optical transceivers and repeaters, are given. Methods for monitoring the failure-free parameters of fiber-optic components are proposed taking into account their fundamental differences from electronic components.

The book contains practical recommendations for building traditional and original digital fiber-optic transmission systems (FOTS), optical hubs, switches, media converters, autonomous power supplies of submarine FOTS nodes, fiber-optic microwave signal distribution systems, fiber-optic phase shifters, active fiber-optic delay lines, microwave optoelectronic generators, optoelectronic ADCs and DACs.

The book is intended for a wide range of readers: students, engineering and technical workers, scientists interested in this topic and professionally associated with the development or operation of fiber optic technology.

Also check: fiber optic jobs

Professional and Technical FTTH Certificates

PROFESSIONAL FTTH Certificate

Theoretical Course, aimed at Technicians and Engineers in the areas of Planning, Network Engineering, Construction of the Internal Plant and External Plant, Operation and Maintenance, Marketing of Broadband Services, Evaluation of Investment Projects, Operators, and Contractors. Two days of course with a total of 16 hours, with Exam and Certification. Basic knowledge of fiber optic and current standards and its expected evolution are taught, both for P2P and P2MP (PON) networks and the course is completed with a network design for 20,000 commercial and residential subscribers with an underground and aerial network and their respective associated CAPEX.

FTTH PROFESSIONAL course agenda Certificate :

• Fundamental principles of fiber optic transmission.
• Different types of Optical Fibers for different transmission standards.
• Specific fibers for access networks, P2P and P2MP, type ITU G-652 –D, and ITU G-657 A and G-657 B.
• Color Codes according to Telcordia and ITU.
• Parameters and Characteristics of the Fiber Optics that affect the Design and Operation of the Access Network, Losses due to length and curvature. Insertion loss. Difference between Reflectance of a network element and Optical Return Loss of a link. Critical Angle, Numerical Opening, and Acceptance Cone. Reflection, Refraction, and Dispersion of various types.
• Engineering Recommendations: design, the radius of curvature of cables in External and Internal Plant. Macro-curvature and Micro-curvature.
• ITU Standard G-984, GPON and all its parameters that affect the Design and Operation of the Network.
• Particular considerations on the following network element one according to ITU, Telcordia, and IEC :
  - Central ODF (optical distributor).
  - Patch-cords or optical jumpers and their connectors.
  - The transition from Central Cable to External Plant Cable according to NEC
  - Optical closures of the main cable.
  - Street Distribution Cabinets or Fiber Distribution Hub (FDH) and their optical dividers.
  - Optical closures of the distribution cables and their optical dividers.
  - Terminal Distribution Boxes or Network Access Point (NAP) and their optical dividers.
  - Entrance boxes to Buildings or Building Entrance Terminals (BET), floor boxes and optical subscriber rosettes.
  - How NOT to RUIN the optical link in the last 50 meters of Network.
  - ONT (Optical Network Terminal) subscriber.
• The four models of optical redundancy for protection of optical circuits, supported by ITU G 984. Which is recommended depending on the clients served by the network.
• Centralized and Cascade Optical Dividers. Advantages and disadvantages of both types. When to use one or the other.
• Link Budget or Optical Link Budget. What effect will today's network have in the future? How to migrate the network based on the evolution of access speeds and future evolutions of standards. Design of an access network of 8,000 subscribers with both types of optical dividers in order to understand in detail the difference between both groups. What to do for cases where the optical link budget cannot be met when we know that it must be met yes or yes? Cases of IPTV in 1490 nm and Video Overlay in 1550 nm.
• Full Cadastre of Red PON elements. Its importance and its understanding of Engineering and Operations.
• PON network tests. Why do you need different equipment? Which ones and in what cases?
• Design of an Access Network for 20,000 users, residential in a single and multi-family housing (or apartment buildings), business, mixed between air and underground, Determination of CAPEX. Impact on CAPEX when there is or not pre-existing postería and pipelines.
• Considerations for the design of a PON Network shared between Fixed Broadband Services and Mobile Broadband Services.
• Tomorrow's standards, ITU G-987, and its impact when using a multi-year dentor a network designed today.
• How to migrate clients progressively from G-984 to G-987.

The FTTH Certified PROFESSIONAL course is taught by Engineer Eduardo Jedruch, President of the LATAM Chapter of the Fiber Broadband Association.

Those students who pass the exam will have a certification, with a certificate number for their signature, valid for 2 years, and their name will also be published on the official website of the organization as a Certified Professional.