Fiber-optic communication

 Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting information from one place to another by sending pulses of infrared light[1] through an optical fiber. The light forms an electromagnetic carrier wave that is modulated to carry information.[2]

Fiber is preferred over electrical cabling when high bandwidth, long distance, or immunity to electromagnetic interference are required. This type of communication can transmit voice, video, and telemetry through local area networks, computer networks, or across long distances.

Optical fiber is used by many telecommunications companies to transmit telephone signals, Internet communication, and cable television signals. Researchers at Bell Labs have reached internet speeds of over 100 petabit×kilometer per second using fiber-optic communication
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First developed in the 1970s, fiber-optics have revolutionized the telecommunications industry and have played a major role in the advent of the Information Age. Because of its advantages over electrical transmission, optical fibers have largely replaced copper wire communications in core networks in the developed world.

The process of communicating using fiber-optics involves the following basic steps:

creating the optical signal involving the use of a transmitter,[4] usually from an electrical signal
relaying the signal along the fiber, ensuring that the signal does not become too distorted or weak
receiving the optical signal
converting it into an electrical signal

Head of Small Beam Spot Fiber Optic Sensor

Stable and Accurate - Adjustable Small Beam Spot Head
FU-10 Adjustable Small Beam Spot Type
FU-10 Adjustable small beam spot type
.The diameter of the free spot is adjusted between 0.9 and 3.5 mm. These units are designed to be easily installed and adjusted.

F-5HA Side-view Lens Type with Adjustable Focus
F-5HA Side view lens, with adjustable focus and space saving produces small beam spots at a great distance. The beam diameter can be adjusted between 0.5 and 3.0 mm

Thin Head Fiber Optic Sensor Heads
Stable and Accurate - Thin Tube Sleeve Optical Fiber Sensor Thrubeam.
FU-75F Thrubeam type with thin sleeves
Thin cartridge with a diameter of 0.82 mm. Long detection distance: 300mm
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Fluid Level Optical Fiber Sensor Head
Stable and Accurate-- Optical Fiber Sensor Head Detection of Liquid Levels That Can Be Mounted in a Tube
FU-95Z Fluid Level Detection Type Can Be Installed in a ToughFlex Tube
FU-95Z The ToughFlex liquid level detection unit can be mounted to a variety of tube diameters. This unit also uses ToughFlex fiber
FU-93Z Fluid Level Detection Type ToughFlex Dyeing Type
FU-93Z ToughFlex sheathed type immersed liquid level detection unit and uses ToughFlex fiber.

Fiber optics is one of the alternative media transmission

Fiber  optics  is  one  of the  alternative  media  transmission of  communication  are  quite  reliable,  because it  hasexcellence compared to  other media . SisteI'm communicating optical fiber make use of lighta as wave information that akand shipped. In sectionsender there is a sumoptics that work for mechange signal electrically becomes a  signalie optics in the form of a beam of  light.

Then forward  toinformation channel that made of fiber optic. That's itThis one workslike a gang driverg which transmits  light beamsup  to the penerima.  And onpart receiver, light  beam  is  received oluh  optical detectorthat function change the optical signal to electrical signal returns.  Key words: optical fiber, light diodes, lasers, couplers, optical detectors. 

 Abstract The fiber optic  is one of  the best alternative  transmission  medium, cause it  has some advantages  than another mediums.  The fiber optic communication  system used the light  as sending   information  wave. The  transmitter have an optic source, it convert the electric signal into optic signal as the ray.

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 Then it forward to the information canal  which  is  the fiber  optic.  The  fiber  optic  is  a  waveguide  that  transmit  the  ray  to  receiver.  And  at  the receiver, the ray received by an optic detector which convert optic signal into electric signal again.   Keywords: fiber optic, light diode, laser, coupler, optic detector

Working Principle of Fiber Optics

Fiber optic structure consists of several structures, namely Cladding, Core, and Buffer Coating. Core or core is a thin glass fiber into a medium of running light, so light delivery can be done. Cladding is an outer layer that protects the core and reflects back light that radiates out back into the core. While the Buffer Coating is a plastic sheath that aims to protect the fiber from damage resulting from cable arches and external disturbances such as humidity.

The working principle of optical fiber  depends on the principle of the amount of internal reflection. Reflection of light or refracted based on the angle that strikes the surface. This principle is centered on how optical fibers work. Limiting the angle at which light waves are sent makes it possible to control them efficiently to the point of accuracy. Light waves are covered with the core of optical fiber, in the same way that the radio signal frequency is covered with a coaxial cable. Light waves are directed to the ends of the fiber by being reflected inside the core. Fiber optic cable is usually applied to telecommunications network infrastructure, for example on telephone networks and computer networks.
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Types of Fiber Optic Cables

There are two types of Fiber Optic Cables :

single-mode and multimode

Multimode fiber optic cable  is the type used for commercial purposes. Larger cores than single-mode fibers allow hundreds of modes of light to spread through the fiber simultaneously. In addition multimode diameter has a larger core fiber (diameter 0.0025 inch or 62.5 micron) and functions to transmit infrared laser light (wavelength 850-1300 nm)

Single mode fiber optic cable  has a smaller core (0.00035 inch or 9 micron in diameter) and functions to transmit infrared laser light (wavelength 1300-1550 nm) which allows only one mode to spread light through the core at a time. Single mode fiber was developed to maintain the integrity of the spatial data and spectrum of each optical signal over longer distances, allowing information to be conveyed further.

Deployment of optical fiber

THE FRANCE VERY HIGH-SPEED ​​PLAN
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All French homes connected to fiber
The deployment of new generation very high-speed networks, mainly from optical fiber, represents a major industrial and economic challenge for France, a lever for the competitiveness of businesses, an essential factor in the attractiveness of territories and develop new innovative services.

Launched in spring 2013, the Very High-Speed ​​France Plan aims to cover the entire territory in very high speed by 2022, that is to say, provide high-performance Internet access to all housing, businesses, and administrations. An investment of 20 billion euros, shared between private operators, local authorities and the State. This deployment would create more than 20,000 jobs by 2019!

HOW IS THE DEPLOYMENT GOING?
A large-scale project
The development of fiber optics is a long process because it requires fiberizing the whole of French territory once again, as was done with the copper network. However, the development of ADSL did not require the development of a new telecom network: this technology used the same copper wires as the telephone.

The deployments of the new FttH fiber optic networks are carried out in 2 phases:

the deployment in the streets (or horizontal deployment );
the deployment inside buildings (or deployment vertical ).
Horizontal deployment
The operators (that is to say the access to electronic communications services providers ) deploy their FTTH networks in the streets of several cities.

To deploy their fiber optic networks in the streets up to the point of sharing (see Legend below) , operators use the existing underground infrastructures which today host copper and cable networks, but also those of local authorities. , or some sewer systems (especially in Paris). These are civil engineering and cable pulling operations.

Vertical deployment
This includes the connection of buildings and individual houses on the one hand, and the connection of subscribers on the other.

In buildings, the FttH deployment will necessarily be “ shared ”, which reduces the work to be carried out. 
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The network deployed inside the building may consist of one fiber per unit (“ nanofiber  ”) or several fibers per unit (“ multi-fiber ”).

Whether the deployment is "single fiber" or "multi-fiber", the occupants of a building will be able to access the services of the various operators who will have connected the building to their network.
In the first case, all operators will share the single fiber , in the second case, some operators may have their own fiber .

Fiber made in France soon to be organized into a strategic sector committee

Technology: The digital infrastructures strategic sector should be officially launched on December 18. With a stated objective for its actors: to strengthen its international influence.

The news has been in the air since November 2018, it should soon be officially announced. According to information published this Wednesday in the columns of "Echoes" , the fiber and telecoms sector should be formed into a strategic committee of the sector (CSP) "Digital infrastructures" on December 18, under the aegis of the secretary of State Agnes Pannier-Runachier.

This will be structured around four main axes, the deployment of mobile and fixed networks, smart cities and the international, which constitute as many axes of work for a sector which still represents nearly 52 billion euros. annual income and generates 150 jobs, direct or indirect .

It is up to the Secretary of State to kick off a labeled structure, placed under the responsibility of the National Industry Council, which will be responsible for supervising the activity of 300 to 400 operators, manufacturers , equipment manufacturers or companies responsible for deploying optical fiber and boosting their activity.
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This will involve the creation of a common label, responsible for unifying the players and giving them new visibility. But also to get them to collaborate on certain projects. With a stated objective: to promote the sector internationally, where its future outlets lie.

To assess the quality of a fiber optic installation

What to test?
To assess the quality of a fiber optic installation, approve its commissioning and guarantee reliable long-term operation of a fiber optic link, it is essential to test it in different ways.

Several factors must be measured, evaluated and controlled:

Inspection of optical connectors
When two optical fibers are coupled, it is crucial to ensure that light passes from one optical fiber to another without loss or excessive backscatter. In the field, however, it is difficult to keep connectors clean and without any scratches.
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A single particle on the center of the optical fiber can cause significant insertion loss, backscattering and even damage to the equipment. The proactive inspection optical connectors is essential to ensure the reliability of connections between two fibers.